What is Flash Photography?

Flash photography is a technique that uses artificial light to illuminate a scene. This method enhances image quality in low-light conditions. Flash units provide a brief burst of light, typically measured in milliseconds. Photographers often use flash to freeze motion and reduce blur. The technique is commonly applied in portrait, event, and product photography. Studies show that flash can improve the overall exposure and detail in images. Proper use of flash can create dramatic effects and highlight subjects effectively.

How does flash photography enhance image quality?

Flash photography enhances image quality by providing controlled lighting in various conditions. It reduces shadows and highlights details in subjects. Flash illumination can improve color accuracy and vibrancy. Additionally, it allows for faster shutter speeds, minimizing motion blur. This is particularly useful in low-light environments. Studies show that images taken with flash often exhibit better contrast and clarity. Proper use of flash can also create a more balanced exposure. Therefore, flash photography is essential for achieving high-quality images in diverse settings.

What are the key principles of using flash in photography?

The key principles of using flash in photography include understanding exposure, light direction, and flash duration. Exposure involves balancing ambient light with flash output for proper brightness. Light direction affects shadows and highlights, influencing the subject’s appearance. Flash duration refers to the speed at which the flash fires, impacting motion capture. Proper positioning of the flash can enhance image quality. Using diffusers softens light, reducing harsh shadows. Adjusting flash power allows for creative control over brightness. Understanding these principles leads to better flash photography results.

How does flash contribute to exposure and lighting balance?

Flash enhances exposure and lighting balance by providing additional light in low-light conditions. It allows photographers to achieve proper exposure levels without relying solely on ambient light. This is particularly useful in situations where the background is well-lit but the subject is in shadow. When used correctly, flash can help to reduce harsh shadows and create even lighting across the subject.

The exposure triangle consists of aperture, shutter speed, and ISO settings. Flash can influence these settings by allowing a wider aperture for a shallow depth of field while maintaining proper exposure. It also enables faster shutter speeds, which can freeze motion and reduce blur.

Additionally, flash can help balance the exposure between the subject and background. For example, using fill flash can illuminate a subject in bright sunlight, preventing overexposure of the background. This technique ensures that both the subject and background are properly exposed.

In summary, flash contributes to exposure and lighting balance by supplementing ambient light, allowing for better control over exposure settings, and harmonizing the light between the subject and background.

What are the different types of flashes used in photography?

There are several types of flashes used in photography. The most common types include built-in flashes, external speedlights, studio strobes, and ring flashes. Built-in flashes are integrated into cameras and provide basic lighting. External speedlights are portable and can be mounted on cameras or used off-camera for more versatility. Studio strobes offer powerful lighting for controlled environments, ideal for professional photography. Ring flashes create even lighting around the lens, often used in macro photography. Each type serves different needs and scenarios in photography.

What are the characteristics of built-in flashes?

Built-in flashes are compact flash units integrated into cameras. They provide automatic exposure control for ease of use. Built-in flashes typically have limited power compared to external flashes. They often feature a fixed focal length and a wide-angle diffusion capability. Built-in flashes can assist with red-eye reduction in portraits. They usually have a short recycle time, allowing quick successive shots. The light output from built-in flashes is often softer than that of external flashes. Built-in flashes are convenient for casual photography and spontaneous shooting situations.

How do external flashes differ from built-in options?

External flashes provide more power and versatility compared to built-in options. They typically have higher guide numbers, allowing for greater light output. This increased power enables better performance in various lighting conditions. External flashes can also be positioned away from the camera, facilitating creative lighting angles. They often feature adjustable zoom heads, which help focus the light for specific effects. Additionally, external flashes support advanced features like high-speed sync and TTL metering. Built-in flashes, while convenient, generally lack these advanced capabilities. The differences in power and functionality make external flashes preferable for professional photography.

What is the role of studio strobes in flash photography?

Studio strobes are powerful flash units used in photography to provide controlled lighting. They generate a significant amount of light, allowing for proper exposure in various settings. Studio strobes can be adjusted for intensity, giving photographers flexibility in their lighting setup. They are often used in portrait and product photography to create dramatic effects and highlight details. These strobes typically have a short flash duration, which freezes motion effectively. Their use of modifiers, such as softboxes and umbrellas, allows for softer light and reduced shadows. Studio strobes also offer consistent color temperature, ensuring reliable results across different shots. This consistency is crucial for professional photography, where accuracy is paramount.

Why is sync speed important in flash photography?

Sync speed is important in flash photography because it determines the maximum shutter speed that can be used while synchronizing with the flash. When the shutter speed exceeds the sync speed, the camera may not fully expose the image, resulting in dark bands or incomplete images. Most cameras have a typical sync speed ranging from 1/200 to 1/250 seconds. This speed ensures that the flash fires while the shutter is fully open. If the sync speed is too slow, motion blur can occur in the photo. Proper sync speed allows for sharp images even in bright conditions. Understanding sync speed is essential for achieving desired exposure and clarity in flash photography.

What factors influence sync speed in different cameras?

Sync speed in different cameras is influenced by several factors. The camera’s shutter type plays a crucial role. Mechanical shutters typically have slower sync speeds compared to electronic shutters. The design of the camera’s sensor also affects sync speed. Full-frame sensors often allow for higher sync speeds than crop sensors. Additionally, the camera’s firmware can limit sync speed capabilities. Some cameras feature high-speed sync (HSS) options that enable faster flash sync. The maximum sync speed varies by manufacturer and model. For instance, many DSLRs have sync speeds of 1/200 to 1/250 seconds. In contrast, mirrorless cameras may achieve faster sync speeds due to their electronic shutters.

How does sync speed affect the quality of flash photos?

Sync speed determines how well a camera’s shutter can synchronize with a flash. If the sync speed is too slow, parts of the image may appear dark or improperly exposed. This happens because the shutter may not be fully open when the flash fires. For instance, a common sync speed for many cameras is 1/200th of a second. At this speed, the entire sensor is exposed when the flash fires, resulting in a well-lit photo. If you use a faster shutter speed, like 1/1000th of a second, only a portion of the sensor may be exposed. This can lead to banding or dark areas in the photo. Therefore, using the correct sync speed is crucial for achieving high-quality flash photos.

How do light modifiers impact flash photography?

Light modifiers significantly influence flash photography by altering the quality and direction of light. They can soften, diffuse, or shape the light emitted from a flash. For instance, softboxes create a broad, soft light that reduces harsh shadows. Umbrellas can either reflect or diffuse light, depending on their orientation. This control over light quality enhances the overall aesthetic of an image. Additionally, light modifiers can help balance exposure and reduce glare. The use of modifiers leads to more flattering portraits and improved detail in highlights and shadows. Studies show that images taken with modifiers often exhibit better tonal range and color accuracy.

What types of light modifiers are commonly used?

Common types of light modifiers include softboxes, umbrellas, reflectors, and grids. Softboxes diffuse light, creating a soft and even illumination. Umbrellas can be used for both diffusion and reflection to alter light quality. Reflectors bounce light, enhancing shadows and highlights. Grids narrow the beam of light, controlling spill and directing it more precisely. Each modifier serves a unique purpose in shaping light for photography.

How do softboxes alter the quality of light?

Softboxes alter the quality of light by diffusing it and creating a softer illumination. They achieve this by using a translucent material that spreads light over a larger area. This diffusion reduces harsh shadows and minimizes glare. Softboxes also help to control the direction of light, allowing for more precise lighting setups. The larger the softbox, the softer the light it produces. This is due to the increased surface area that light can scatter from. Research indicates that softer light is often more flattering in portrait photography. Therefore, softboxes are essential tools for achieving high-quality, even lighting in photography.

What is the purpose of reflectors in flash photography?

Reflectors in flash photography are used to bounce light towards the subject. This technique softens the light and reduces harsh shadows. Reflectors help to create more even lighting on a subject’s face. They can enhance the overall quality of the image. Different colors of reflectors can alter the light’s temperature. For instance, silver reflectors increase brightness, while gold reflectors add warmth. Using reflectors can improve a photographer’s creative options. They are essential tools for achieving professional-looking results in portrait photography.

How can light modifiers enhance creative control in flash photography?

Light modifiers enhance creative control in flash photography by shaping and altering the light produced by the flash. They can diffuse, reflect, or color the light, resulting in varied effects. For instance, softboxes soften harsh light, creating a more flattering look. Umbrellas can reflect light and spread it over a wider area, reducing shadows. Grids can narrow the beam of light, allowing for dramatic highlights and focused lighting. Color gels can change the color temperature of the flash, enabling creative color effects. These tools allow photographers to manipulate light to achieve desired aesthetics and mood in their images.

What are the benefits of using diffusers with flash units?

Diffusers with flash units soften the light produced by the flash. This results in a more even and flattering illumination on subjects. Using a diffuser reduces harsh shadows and minimizes glare. It creates a more natural look in photographs. Diffusers can also help to spread light over a larger area. This is particularly useful in portrait and event photography. Studies show that diffused light enhances skin tones and textures. Overall, diffusers improve the quality of flash photography significantly.

How do gels affect color balance in flash photography?

Gels affect color balance in flash photography by altering the light’s color temperature. They can correct color casts or create artistic effects. When a gel is placed over a flash, it filters the light to match ambient lighting conditions. This helps achieve a more natural look in photographs. For instance, a CTB (Color Temperature Blue) gel can cool down a warm light source. Conversely, a CTO (Color Temperature Orange) gel warms up a cooler light. Using gels can enhance skin tones and improve overall image quality. Proper application of gels leads to balanced color reproduction in various lighting scenarios.

What are best practices for mastering flash photography?

To master flash photography, use the right equipment and settings. Start by selecting a suitable flash type, such as speedlights or studio strobes. Adjust your camera’s sync speed to prevent motion blur. Use manual mode to control exposure settings effectively. Experiment with light modifiers like softboxes or umbrellas to diffuse light. Position the flash at different angles to create varied effects. Practice balancing ambient light with flash output for natural results. Lastly, review your images to learn from mistakes and improve your technique.

What techniques can improve flash photography skills?

To improve flash photography skills, practice using manual settings on your camera. Manual settings allow for better control over exposure and flash output. Experiment with different flash power levels to understand their impact on your images. Utilize bounce flash techniques to soften shadows and create a more natural look. Incorporate light modifiers, such as diffusers or softboxes, to enhance light quality. Adjust your sync speed to prevent motion blur while capturing fast-moving subjects. Study the inverse square law to understand how distance affects flash intensity. Regularly review your photos to analyze what worked and what didn’t, allowing for continuous improvement.

How can photographers effectively balance ambient and flash light?

Photographers can effectively balance ambient and flash light by adjusting flash power and camera settings. Reducing flash power allows ambient light to play a larger role in the exposure. Increasing the ISO can enhance sensitivity to ambient light without affecting flash output. Adjusting the aperture also influences the amount of light hitting the sensor. A wider aperture lets in more ambient light, while a smaller aperture can help control flash intensity. Using a slower shutter speed captures more ambient light while still freezing motion with the flash.

These techniques allow photographers to create a natural blend of light sources. Properly balancing these elements results in a well-exposed image with depth and dimension. Understanding the exposure triangle is crucial for achieving this balance.

What common mistakes should be avoided in flash photography?

Common mistakes to avoid in flash photography include using incorrect flash exposure settings. Adjusting the flash power incorrectly can lead to overexposed or underexposed images. Not considering the distance between the subject and the flash is another mistake. Flash intensity decreases with distance, affecting the final image quality.

Failing to use diffusion can result in harsh lighting. Diffusers soften the light and reduce shadows. Ignoring the background when using flash can lead to unbalanced lighting. The background may appear too dark or too bright compared to the subject.

Neglecting to adjust the camera settings for flash synchronization can cause motion blur. Proper synchronization ensures the flash fires at the right moment. Lastly, not practicing with different flash angles can limit creativity. Experimenting with angles enhances the overall composition of the photograph.

What tips can help troubleshoot flash photography challenges?

To troubleshoot flash photography challenges, adjust your flash exposure compensation. This setting helps balance the flash output with ambient light. Check the sync speed to ensure it matches your camera’s settings. A mismatch can cause dark bands in your images. Use a diffuser to soften harsh shadows created by direct flash. This technique improves the overall quality of light. Experiment with different angles and distances for the flash. This can change the light’s effect on your subject. Lastly, ensure your batteries are fully charged. Weak batteries can lead to inconsistent flash performance.

Flash photography is a technique that utilizes artificial light to enhance image quality, particularly in low-light conditions. This article covers the various types of flashes, including built-in flashes, external speedlights, studio strobes, and ring flashes, as well as the importance of sync speed in achieving optimal exposure. Additionally, it discusses the role of light modifiers, such as softboxes and reflectors, in shaping and controlling light quality. Best practices and common mistakes in flash photography are also highlighted to help photographers improve their skills and achieve better results.

What is Flash Photography?

Flash photography is a technique that uses artificial light to illuminate a scene. This method enhances image quality in low-light conditions. Flash units provide a brief burst of light, typically measured in milliseconds. Photographers often use flash to freeze motion and reduce blur. The technique is commonly applied in portrait, event, and product photography. Studies show that flash can improve the overall exposure and detail in images. Proper use of flash can create dramatic effects and highlight subjects effectively.

How does flash photography enhance image quality?

Flash photography enhances image quality by providing controlled lighting in various conditions. It reduces shadows and highlights details in subjects. Flash illumination can improve color accuracy and vibrancy. Additionally, it allows for faster shutter speeds, minimizing motion blur. This is particularly useful in low-light environments. Studies show that images taken with flash often exhibit better contrast and clarity. Proper use of flash can also create a more balanced exposure. Therefore, flash photography is essential for achieving high-quality images in diverse settings.

What are the key principles of using flash in photography?

The key principles of using flash in photography include understanding exposure, light direction, and flash duration. Exposure involves balancing ambient light with flash output for proper brightness. Light direction affects shadows and highlights, influencing the subject’s appearance. Flash duration refers to the speed at which the flash fires, impacting motion capture. Proper positioning of the flash can enhance image quality. Using diffusers softens light, reducing harsh shadows. Adjusting flash power allows for creative control over brightness. Understanding these principles leads to better flash photography results.

How does flash contribute to exposure and lighting balance?

Flash enhances exposure and lighting balance by providing additional light in low-light conditions. It allows photographers to achieve proper exposure levels without relying solely on ambient light. This is particularly useful in situations where the background is well-lit but the subject is in shadow. When used correctly, flash can help to reduce harsh shadows and create even lighting across the subject.

The exposure triangle consists of aperture, shutter speed, and ISO settings. Flash can influence these settings by allowing a wider aperture for a shallow depth of field while maintaining proper exposure. It also enables faster shutter speeds, which can freeze motion and reduce blur.

Additionally, flash can help balance the exposure between the subject and background. For example, using fill flash can illuminate a subject in bright sunlight, preventing overexposure of the background. This technique ensures that both the subject and background are properly exposed.

In summary, flash contributes to exposure and lighting balance by supplementing ambient light, allowing for better control over exposure settings, and harmonizing the light between the subject and background.

What are the different types of flashes used in photography?

There are several types of flashes used in photography. The most common types include built-in flashes, external speedlights, studio strobes, and ring flashes. Built-in flashes are integrated into cameras and provide basic lighting. External speedlights are portable and can be mounted on cameras or used off-camera for more versatility. Studio strobes offer powerful lighting for controlled environments, ideal for professional photography. Ring flashes create even lighting around the lens, often used in macro photography. Each type serves different needs and scenarios in photography.

What are the characteristics of built-in flashes?

Built-in flashes are compact flash units integrated into cameras. They provide automatic exposure control for ease of use. Built-in flashes typically have limited power compared to external flashes. They often feature a fixed focal length and a wide-angle diffusion capability. Built-in flashes can assist with red-eye reduction in portraits. They usually have a short recycle time, allowing quick successive shots. The light output from built-in flashes is often softer than that of external flashes. Built-in flashes are convenient for casual photography and spontaneous shooting situations.

How do external flashes differ from built-in options?

External flashes provide more power and versatility compared to built-in options. They typically have higher guide numbers, allowing for greater light output. This increased power enables better performance in various lighting conditions. External flashes can also be positioned away from the camera, facilitating creative lighting angles. They often feature adjustable zoom heads, which help focus the light for specific effects. Additionally, external flashes support advanced features like high-speed sync and TTL metering. Built-in flashes, while convenient, generally lack these advanced capabilities. The differences in power and functionality make external flashes preferable for professional photography.

What is the role of studio strobes in flash photography?

Studio strobes are powerful flash units used in photography to provide controlled lighting. They generate a significant amount of light, allowing for proper exposure in various settings. Studio strobes can be adjusted for intensity, giving photographers flexibility in their lighting setup. They are often used in portrait and product photography to create dramatic effects and highlight details. These strobes typically have a short flash duration, which freezes motion effectively. Their use of modifiers, such as softboxes and umbrellas, allows for softer light and reduced shadows. Studio strobes also offer consistent color temperature, ensuring reliable results across different shots. This consistency is crucial for professional photography, where accuracy is paramount.

Why is sync speed important in flash photography?

Sync speed is important in flash photography because it determines the maximum shutter speed that can be used while synchronizing with the flash. When the shutter speed exceeds the sync speed, the camera may not fully expose the image, resulting in dark bands or incomplete images. Most cameras have a typical sync speed ranging from 1/200 to 1/250 seconds. This speed ensures that the flash fires while the shutter is fully open. If the sync speed is too slow, motion blur can occur in the photo. Proper sync speed allows for sharp images even in bright conditions. Understanding sync speed is essential for achieving desired exposure and clarity in flash photography.

What factors influence sync speed in different cameras?

Sync speed in different cameras is influenced by several factors. The camera’s shutter type plays a crucial role. Mechanical shutters typically have slower sync speeds compared to electronic shutters. The design of the camera’s sensor also affects sync speed. Full-frame sensors often allow for higher sync speeds than crop sensors. Additionally, the camera’s firmware can limit sync speed capabilities. Some cameras feature high-speed sync (HSS) options that enable faster flash sync. The maximum sync speed varies by manufacturer and model. For instance, many DSLRs have sync speeds of 1/200 to 1/250 seconds. In contrast, mirrorless cameras may achieve faster sync speeds due to their electronic shutters.

How does sync speed affect the quality of flash photos?

Sync speed determines how well a camera’s shutter can synchronize with a flash. If the sync speed is too slow, parts of the image may appear dark or improperly exposed. This happens because the shutter may not be fully open when the flash fires. For instance, a common sync speed for many cameras is 1/200th of a second. At this speed, the entire sensor is exposed when the flash fires, resulting in a well-lit photo. If you use a faster shutter speed, like 1/1000th of a second, only a portion of the sensor may be exposed. This can lead to banding or dark areas in the photo. Therefore, using the correct sync speed is crucial for achieving high-quality flash photos.

How do light modifiers impact flash photography?

Light modifiers significantly influence flash photography by altering the quality and direction of light. They can soften, diffuse, or shape the light emitted from a flash. For instance, softboxes create a broad, soft light that reduces harsh shadows. Umbrellas can either reflect or diffuse light, depending on their orientation. This control over light quality enhances the overall aesthetic of an image. Additionally, light modifiers can help balance exposure and reduce glare. The use of modifiers leads to more flattering portraits and improved detail in highlights and shadows. Studies show that images taken with modifiers often exhibit better tonal range and color accuracy.

What types of light modifiers are commonly used?

Common types of light modifiers include softboxes, umbrellas, reflectors, and grids. Softboxes diffuse light, creating a soft and even illumination. Umbrellas can be used for both diffusion and reflection to alter light quality. Reflectors bounce light, enhancing shadows and highlights. Grids narrow the beam of light, controlling spill and directing it more precisely. Each modifier serves a unique purpose in shaping light for photography.

How do softboxes alter the quality of light?

Softboxes alter the quality of light by diffusing it and creating a softer illumination. They achieve this by using a translucent material that spreads light over a larger area. This diffusion reduces harsh shadows and minimizes glare. Softboxes also help to control the direction of light, allowing for more precise lighting setups. The larger the softbox, the softer the light it produces. This is due to the increased surface area that light can scatter from. Research indicates that softer light is often more flattering in portrait photography. Therefore, softboxes are essential tools for achieving high-quality, even lighting in photography.

What is the purpose of reflectors in flash photography?

Reflectors in flash photography are used to bounce light towards the subject. This technique softens the light and reduces harsh shadows. Reflectors help to create more even lighting on a subject’s face. They can enhance the overall quality of the image. Different colors of reflectors can alter the light’s temperature. For instance, silver reflectors increase brightness, while gold reflectors add warmth. Using reflectors can improve a photographer’s creative options. They are essential tools for achieving professional-looking results in portrait photography.

How can light modifiers enhance creative control in flash photography?

Light modifiers enhance creative control in flash photography by shaping and altering the light produced by the flash. They can diffuse, reflect, or color the light, resulting in varied effects. For instance, softboxes soften harsh light, creating a more flattering look. Umbrellas can reflect light and spread it over a wider area, reducing shadows. Grids can narrow the beam of light, allowing for dramatic highlights and focused lighting. Color gels can change the color temperature of the flash, enabling creative color effects. These tools allow photographers to manipulate light to achieve desired aesthetics and mood in their images.

What are the benefits of using diffusers with flash units?

Diffusers with flash units soften the light produced by the flash. This results in a more even and flattering illumination on subjects. Using a diffuser reduces harsh shadows and minimizes glare. It creates a more natural look in photographs. Diffusers can also help to spread light over a larger area. This is particularly useful in portrait and event photography. Studies show that diffused light enhances skin tones and textures. Overall, diffusers improve the quality of flash photography significantly.

How do gels affect color balance in flash photography?

Gels affect color balance in flash photography by altering the light’s color temperature. They can correct color casts or create artistic effects. When a gel is placed over a flash, it filters the light to match ambient lighting conditions. This helps achieve a more natural look in photographs. For instance, a CTB (Color Temperature Blue) gel can cool down a warm light source. Conversely, a CTO (Color Temperature Orange) gel warms up a cooler light. Using gels can enhance skin tones and improve overall image quality. Proper application of gels leads to balanced color reproduction in various lighting scenarios.

What are best practices for mastering flash photography?

To master flash photography, use the right equipment and settings. Start by selecting a suitable flash type, such as speedlights or studio strobes. Adjust your camera’s sync speed to prevent motion blur. Use manual mode to control exposure settings effectively. Experiment with light modifiers like softboxes or umbrellas to diffuse light. Position the flash at different angles to create varied effects. Practice balancing ambient light with flash output for natural results. Lastly, review your images to learn from mistakes and improve your technique.

What techniques can improve flash photography skills?

To improve flash photography skills, practice using manual settings on your camera. Manual settings allow for better control over exposure and flash output. Experiment with different flash power levels to understand their impact on your images. Utilize bounce flash techniques to soften shadows and create a more natural look. Incorporate light modifiers, such as diffusers or softboxes, to enhance light quality. Adjust your sync speed to prevent motion blur while capturing fast-moving subjects. Study the inverse square law to understand how distance affects flash intensity. Regularly review your photos to analyze what worked and what didn’t, allowing for continuous improvement.

How can photographers effectively balance ambient and flash light?

Photographers can effectively balance ambient and flash light by adjusting flash power and camera settings. Reducing flash power allows ambient light to play a larger role in the exposure. Increasing the ISO can enhance sensitivity to ambient light without affecting flash output. Adjusting the aperture also influences the amount of light hitting the sensor. A wider aperture lets in more ambient light, while a smaller aperture can help control flash intensity. Using a slower shutter speed captures more ambient light while still freezing motion with the flash.

These techniques allow photographers to create a natural blend of light sources. Properly balancing these elements results in a well-exposed image with depth and dimension. Understanding the exposure triangle is crucial for achieving this balance.

What common mistakes should be avoided in flash photography?

Common mistakes to avoid in flash photography include using incorrect flash exposure settings. Adjusting the flash power incorrectly can lead to overexposed or underexposed images. Not considering the distance between the subject and the flash is another mistake. Flash intensity decreases with distance, affecting the final image quality.

Failing to use diffusion can result in harsh lighting. Diffusers soften the light and reduce shadows. Ignoring the background when using flash can lead to unbalanced lighting. The background may appear too dark or too bright compared to the subject.

Neglecting to adjust the camera settings for flash synchronization can cause motion blur. Proper synchronization ensures the flash fires at the right moment. Lastly, not practicing with different flash angles can limit creativity. Experimenting with angles enhances the overall composition of the photograph.

What tips can help troubleshoot flash photography challenges?

To troubleshoot flash photography challenges, adjust your flash exposure compensation. This setting helps balance the flash output with ambient light. Check the sync speed to ensure it matches your camera’s settings. A mismatch can cause dark bands in your images. Use a diffuser to soften harsh shadows created by direct flash. This technique improves the overall quality of light. Experiment with different angles and distances for the flash. This can change the light’s effect on your subject. Lastly, ensure your batteries are fully charged. Weak batteries can lead to inconsistent flash performance.